Motivation+and+Praise+Amy+&+Susan

Susan and Amy  EDFS 377, Summer 09   1. What about rewards? 2. Does praise really work in the end? 3. What really does motivate someone to learn?  Cauley, Kathleen M, ed. __Educational Psychology 09/10__. Boston: Mcgraw Hill, 2010.    Deanna Kuhn    <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Children (especially older children) have vulnerable self esteems. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Schools tend to compare students with how they are doing and not what they are doing. We might discuss grades but we rarely discuss what or why they are studying what they are studying. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">When discussing developing life-long learners- <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">“Students need to experience for themselves the value of the intellectual activities they engage in and the intellectual tools they acquire. They should become able to make use of them for their own purposes and to see the fruits of their labors, recognizing that intellectual skills, such as inquiry and argument, give them a most productive path for answering questions, solving problems, resolving conflicts, and participating in a democratic society. (148) This is almost like the Socratic Method. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">School has to make sense for students as individuals for them to buy into it and want to learn. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Daniel T. Willingham <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Extrinsic rewards get behavioral change. They can be used to control children and classes but this reduces intrinsic motivation. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Rewards are not bad in and of themselves it depends how they are used. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Rewards reduce motivation. If people do something for the prize, even if it’s something they like to do, when the prize disappears they say…Why should I do it without getting that thing I got before? This is not true for dull tasks which can benefit from a little perk as long as the reward has an end in sight. The example given was learning the multiplication tables. A few gold stars could keep students on the task but they would know that when the tables are learned the stars are history. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">For rewards to be effective they MUST BE- <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Desirable to the student <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> Certain that they are coming <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Prompt <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Give a reward to celebrate working hard on a unit…not contingent on everyone achieving a certain level of performance. Have it help with class community <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Carol S. Dweck <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">“[P]rocess Praise (praise for engagement, perseverance, strategies, improvement, and the like) fosters hardy motivation. It tells students what they’ve done to be successful and what they need to do to be successful again in the future.” (157) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">·Giving students knowledge about how learning happens in their own brains can increase their motivation to increase their own learning. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Barbara Bartholomew <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">“It is easy to confuse behavioral cueing with motivational change.” 141 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">“…student motivation is a necessary precondition to learning…”(142) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Motivation is personal to each individual and relevance must be present to create motivation. This increases as students get older due to being older and racking up experiences with learning that might include failure or difficulty. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">“Teachers must model and enforce the kind of respectful interchange they expect.” (144) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Patrick McCabe <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">There are 4 sources through which an individual can acquire information about their competence (ability to succeed on task). These sources are complementary and mutually reinforcing. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Enactive mastery - A student's recognition that he has mastered a task as a result of expending personal effort provides the authentic evidence that he possesses the ability to succeed. The teacher should use phrases that clearly tell him that he has achieved a noteworthy accomplishment. (You have; You were able pg. 136) <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Vicarious experience - When the observer feels that characteristics of the model are similar to his own characteristics, the vicarious experience of watching a <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">model is an effective learning tool. (Watch me (student) as I.....You can also do this, just as (student) did. (136)) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Verbal Persuasion - Helps enhance students’ self-efficacy by helping them attribute their success to personal effort and ability. (You were able to because you remembered the rule; Because you studied, you were able to; Remembering the rule helped you. (136) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Teachers can help students by helping them understand their emotional reaction to success and failure. How did you feel when; You must feel proud (136) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Richard F. Bowman Jr. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Motivation is self-focused; inspiration is other focused" (151) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">When students are inspired forces within determine their emotions and behaviors. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Exceptional teachers inspire students to discover where their personal strengths are. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">3 factors that have the most positive impact on classroom morale <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Equity (respect and justice) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Achievement (continued education = continued growth) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Camaraderie (collaboration) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Teachers need to be able to be pride builders. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> **<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">The Big Picture ** <span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Motivation is a personal thing. To be effective each person must find their own motivators. Teachers who wish to praise effectively will have to assess how individual students respond to praise. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Establishing a classroom of community and mutual respect (teachers and students) can be a motivator in itself. As teachers we need to give what we expect to get. Say "thank you". <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Students (even very young students) are capable of learning about their brains. Teaching students about how the brain works will empower them to understand that their effort is directly related to their success. Foster the belief in students that their intelligence is something that they can grow and increase. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Have your students be active participants in their learning. This will encourage them to see the value of learning that thing you want them to learn. Focus on why the meaningful work is to be done. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Students should set their own goals for achievement. Often short term goals or breaking long term goals into smaller pieces is effective. They need to plan for their learning and act on that plan. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Students need to feel that their input is important and valued. The more of a community a classroom can become the more motivation you are likely to see. Foster positive expectations. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Allow for mixed expectations for competence. Everyone is good at some things but everyone is not good at all things. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Have students take as much responsibility for their learning as possible. The more control they feel the more motivated they'll be. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Verbal feedback should be applied throughout all grade levels and precise feedback should be provided incrementally (at the time the behavior occurs). <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Inspire students to do things that they might otherwise not do and encourage others to go in directions they might not otherwise pursue. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Provide new perspectives - embrace and cultivate alternative perspectives. The student who is embracing diversity is embracing opportunity. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Intrinsic motivation is much stronger and longer lasting than extrinsic motivation. Intrinsically motivated students tend to have a strong sense of purpose. They search for what is rewarding rather than what is rewarded <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; msospacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Rewards are not bad in and of themselves it depends how they are used. Rewards can work but need to be used knowingly and specifically. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">For rewards to be effective they MUST BE- <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Desirable to the student <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> Certain that they are coming <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Promptly given <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Giving a class wide reward to celebrate working hard on a unit, not contingent on everyone achieving a certain level of performance, can help build a classroom community. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">People praise. It is a societal thing we do and it is ok to do. However, praise should be substantive and authentic. It should be directed at achievement behavior and not personality. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Praise can help validate that students are able learners. You can utilize peers for modeling. However, care must be taken to not compare or manipulate the status of the students when doing this. "You can do this thing too." <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Attribution is another form of praise. Statements like "Because you did...then you were able to..." This can help student see what they were able to achieve through their efforts. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Praise should be used genuinely. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Praise for effort (effort or process praise - praise for engagement, perseverance, strategies, improvement) fosters motivation and helps students focus on the process they need to go through to learn. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Bartholomew, Barbara. “Why We Can’t Always Get What We Want” from Educational Psychology 09/10 book <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">An easy to read article that really made me think about motivation. She uses stories to illustrate her points. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Willingham, Daniel T. “How Praise Can Motivate—or Stifle” <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">American Federation of Teachers. American Educator, Winter 2005-2006. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> [] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> Denton, Paula. “The Power of Our Words: Teacher Language That Helps Children Learn.” Responsive Classroom Website. 2007. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> [] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Hirz, Randy and Amy Driscoll. "Praise in the Classroom." ERIC. 1989. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> [] <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">This article discusses the differences between using praise and using encouragement in the classroom. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">“Brainology” <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">This website discusses the Growth Mindset of Carol Dweck and how you can help students improve their intrinsic motivation skills but learning about how their brain operates. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> [] []
 * <span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Motivation and Praise **<span style="font-size: 20pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Problems Addressed **<span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">: <span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">What do the experts say? **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“How to Produce a High Achieving Child” (146-150) **<span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“Should Learning Be Its own Reward?” (160-165) **<span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“The Perils and Promises of Praise” (156-159) **<span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“Why We Can’t Always Get What We Want” (141-145) **<span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Convincing Students They Can Learn to Read" (134-139) **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">"How Can Students Be Motivated: A Misplaced Question? (151-155) **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Here are some ideas to help form classroom practices to encourage student motivation that we gleaned from our research as well as what we've learned about the way the brain works. **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Motivation: **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rewards: **<span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Praise: **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Resources for more information: **<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">

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