Group+Three+-+Behavioral+Psychology

=**Behaviorism (Behavioral Psychology)**=

**Modern Language Association (MLA): ** "behaviorism." //The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary//. Houghton Mifflin Company. 12 Jul. 2009. [] >. **behaviorism** be·hav·ior·ism (bĭ-hāv'y ə -rĭz' ə m) //n.// A school of psychology that confines itself to the study of observable and quantifiable aspects of behavior and excludes subjective phenomena, such as emotions or motives. Also called //behavioral psychology// **. ** 

Kelly
Thorndike (1874-1949) work led to the theory of connectionism (neural networks) and what is today educational psychology Law of effect - whatever behavior causes the desired effect is increased He thought that not all behavior could be explained by classical conditioning (because it was too complex) Thorndike's cats --> Skinner's operant conditioning []

Watson (1878-1958) His article, "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It," published in the //Psychological Review// in 1913, is considered a landmark in the founding of behaviorism. [|http://facweb.furman.edu/~einstein/watson/watson1.htm] Studied children as well as animals; believed that they were just more complicated. Thought that animals were very complicated machines whose behavior was explained by their "wiring." Didn't think that heredity was a significant factor in human behavior. [|http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhwats.html]  "Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior... The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation."

"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Watson

Paige
Skinner (1904-1990) - He invented the " Operant Conditioning Chamber," or the "Skinner Box" which was a tool used to examine relations of behavior or organisms in thier environemnt. - "Operant Behavior" - "Operant Conditioning" - "Project Pigeon"- trained birds to peck away at target that held a missile. - Made important connections and similarities between rats and humans. - "//A behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future." -// Referring to rats pressing a special mechanism that releases food. Rats learn that by repeating this behavior they will recieve food. Concluding that a behavior will happen frequently when followed by something positive. This was an alternative to Pavolv's classical conditioning. - Strongly believed that everything humans do is related to punishments or rewards from previous experiences.

- He also invented the "Air Crib," a crib designed for babies to experience the optimal environment for the fist 2 years of their lives. This was a heated crib made from plexiglass. His daughter spent a lot of her babyhood in this crib. - Discovered "Aversive stimulus," meaning a punishment or something that harms the rats. - Trained lab animals to perfrom activities such as pigeons playing table tennis. - Determined the 5 main obstacles of learning: [|www.bfskinner.org] [|www.pbs.org]
 * 1) People have a fear of failure.
 * 2) The task is not broken down into small enough steps.
 * 3) There is a lack of directions.
 * 4) There is also a lack of clarity in the directions.
 * 5) Positive reinforcement is lacking.

These 5 Skinnerisms fit perfectly with the ideas of Bereiter and Engelmann.

Amy
Carl Bereiter Professor at University of Toronto Cofounded Institute for Knowledge Innovation and Technology with Marlene Scardamalia · “Intentional Learning”—Learning is the goal not the outcome · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Improved understanding not perfect understanding is the goal ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Having a real thing to learn about—broad problems to solve(design mode) ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">This applies to ideas as well as things (like building a better mousetrap) ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Individuals work together towards the goal of improving ideas ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The knowledge is used by the community as a whole to further the greater understanding

[] [|http://www.ikit.org/people/~bereiter.html]

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Developed the Direct Instruction Method in 1960’s ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Idea is that it doesn’t need to take into account disadvantages of some students—all on equal footing ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">DI consists of teaching (drilling) component parts of the whole to mastery ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Teaching is scripted ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Errors are immediately corrected ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Wilson “Fundations” example of Direct Instruction program
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Siegfried Engelmann **

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